مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 44، امرداد و شهریور 1391)

Post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are important complications of surgeries causing an unpleasant experience for many patients and may lead to a delays in the discharge from hospital. Different medical and non-medical interventions are applied to prevent this problem. In this study, we compared the antiemetic effects of ondansetron, metoclopramide and dexamethasone in children undertaken strabismus surgey. In this double-blind randomized clinical trial study, 111 children belonging to ASA class I and II between the age group of 2–15 years old and scheduled for elective surgery of strabismus were Ethical approval and written informed consent forms were obtained. The participants were then randomly divided into three groups; ondansetron, metoclopramide and dexamethasone. Dexamethasone was injected at the beginning of the operations, and the other two medicines were injected 30 minutes prior to the end of surgery. In the recovery wards, the frequency of nausea and vomiting and any therapeutic interventions for each patient were recorded at the following times; 1h, 1-6h, 6-12h, and 12-24h post-op. The obtained data was ultimately analyzed by Chi - squared and Kruskall statistical tests. There was no significant differences among the three groups in terms of age, weight and sex. Patients in ondansetron group had the lowest frequency of PONV (7.8%) and the need for therapeutic interventions (3.6%). These values for dexamethasone group were 12.6%, 13.5% and for the metoclopramide group were 13.5%, 10.8% respectively. Ondansetron is associated with a lower rate of PONV, more satisfaction, less expenditure, and less therapeutic interventions.

rachyspermum copticum as a medicinal plant has many therapeutic properties including; anti-flatulence, anti-emesis, anti- rheumatism and expectorant. The goal of this study was to identify the active ingredients and anti-oxidant effects of Trachyspermum Copticum's seeds harvested in Yazd province. The essence of the seeds was first extracted by Clevenger apparatus. The active components of the essence were then separated and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The anti-oxidant effect was determined by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the total amount of phenolic components of the essence was quantified utilising the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The results of this study revealed that thymol (64.9%) and γ-Terpinene (11.1%) were the most prevalent components of the essence. Also, the anti-oxidant activity and the total amount of phenolic component of the essence were 0.711µg/ml-1 and 162.62 mg/g-1 resepectively. The result of this research indicated that the active ingrediebts of native Trachyspermum copticum harvested in Yazd province were much higher than the ones found in Trachyspermum copticum harvested in other places.

Previous studies confirm the effects of strenuous exercise on elevated levels of liver enzymes, but the effect of detraining especially on liver tissue enzymes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week aerobic training course followed by a 4-week detraining period on on liver tissue enzymes including; Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood lipids level In this experimental study, 80 Wistar rats aged 21 months old with a menopausal period of 3 months were included and then were divided randomly into three gropus; control, continuous and interval groups. Experimental groups received continuous and/or interval training courses on treadmill for twelve weeks follwed by a 4-week detraining period. Hepatic biopsy samples were taken before and at the of end of sixth, twelfth and sixteenth weeks. ALT, AST and ALP levels and blood lipids (HDL-C and LDL-C) concentrations were measured by an automatic analyzer (Olympus AU 800) and enzymatic methods, respectively. In both continuous and interval groups, after the 4-week detraining period, the levels of ALT, AST and ALP de creased significantly compared with the values of 6 and 12 weeks aerobic training courses (p=0.001). However, the levels of ALT, and AST were still higher in these two groups after this period compared to the similar values of the pre-test (p=0.028 and p=0.019 for ALT respectively, and p=0.05 and p=0.001 for AST respectively). In addition, after 6 and 12 weeks continuous and aerobic interval training courses, the LDL-C levels decreased markedly compared with the control group (p=0.009, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively in continuous group and p=0.023, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively in the aerobic interval group, and the HDL-C levels significantly increased (p=0.001). These findings suggest that liver enzymes levels decreased significantly after a 12-week aerobic training course followed by a 4-week detraining period. In addition, the results showed that the LDL-C levels decreased and the HDL-C increased significantly after 6 and 12 weeks training courses.

The effect of diseases on the quality of life (QOL) of patients is due to the resulting temporary or permanent disability among patients. In this study, the effect of the myocardial infarction on the (QOL) of patients was measured and compared to the general population of Rafsanjan in order to recognize the most important aspects of patients life affected by the disease. Material and Mthods: In this historical cohort study, a group of people who were matched based on age, gender, educational status, social class, living place, occupation and marital status in two different groups of MI (n=50) and healthy (n=50) people were studied. The level of quality of life was measured using SF-36 scale. Parametric (t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U and X2) tests were used to compare groups where appropriate. Proportion of people with undesirable quality of life among patients group was significantly greater than this value among the other group (P=0.001). Relative risk showed that suffering from MI significantly increases the probability of undesirable quality of life among people as 2.7 times greater (95%CI= 1.2-6.0). Our findings showed that MI decreased the quality of life significantly. It seems that providing adequate interventions for most patients suffering from MI can improve the vital aspects of their lives.

Work-related injuries are considered as the third cause of mortality across the world and have been introduced as one of the health, social and economic risk factors amongst industrial and developing communities. The present epidemiologic survey aimed to assess the work-related accidents among Iranian workers who were insured by the Social Security Organisation. This was a descriptive cross sectional study using recorded data on work-related accidents by the Social Security Organization of Iran. All obligatory insured workers and drivers who were injured during work times between 2001 and 2005 were included. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate and describe the data. Available data of 86437 work-related injured persons including 98.7% males were investigated. During the study years, work-related accidents incidents rates among insured were about 0.3%. Considering the frequency of insured workers and accidents happened, Qom, Ilam, Hamadan and Kurdistan provinces had the maximum work-related injuries per 1000 insured workers. Occurrence pattern of occupational accidents in the country from different aspects of age, gender, accident cause, the kind of accident and etc, with other studies in the country and in other parts of the world are almost consistent.

Physical activities have been recently recommended for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis. However, the detrimental effects of severe physical activity on musculoskeletal system of athletes are still under debate. The current study aimed to compare the following parameters between retired professional athletes and non-athletic persons; radiographic grading scales of osteoarthritis of the knee joint, arthralgia, musculoskeletal dysfunctions during excercise, daily living or recreation activities, and life quality.

In this cross-sectional study, 60 retired professional sportsmen aged 50-65 years involved in football, wrestling, and track and field sports with the same number of age-matched non-athletic controls were included. The participants were then divided into four equal groups of 15. The gathering data tools were as follows; Clinical diagnosis and radiological findings confirmed by an orthopedic surgeon. The globalized and localized questionnaire of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was used as the data gathering tool. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post Hoc (Tuky) test were used to analyze the data.

The four above-mentioned groups had a significant difference regarding the following parameters; radiographic grading scales of the knee osteoarthritis (p=0.001), knee pain (p<0.001), symptoms (p<0.001), dysfunction in daily living (p<0.001) recreational activities (p<0.001) and quality of life (p<0.001). Groups of football, wrestling, track and field sports and non- athletic persons had a higher score than the average in radiographic grading scales of knee osteoarthritis respectively, while they possessed a lower score for the other variables.

Professional sports may cause a higher risk of knee osteoarthritis particularly in sports which required a combination of strength and endurance activities than the endurance only sports.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a bowel dysfunction. Given that psychological variables play a decisive role in creating and maintaining the physical condition of the patients, the purpose of this study was designed to investigate and compare the rates of depression in patients with IBS and healthy ones. In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with IBS and 100 healthy patients who referred to Internists Offices participated in this study. After collecting demographic data and completing the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck), clinical psychiatric interview about them was done. Then, the information collected for statistical tests were analyzed with SPSS software and t-test, chi-square and one-way analysis. From the total of 100 patients, 38 males and 62 females were allocated in both case and control groups, The present study showed that the severity and prevalence of depression in patients with IBS was more than in the common population (p= 0.037), and depression was higher in more educated patients, older age, long duration of illness, and also in governmental personnel and university students. But in healthy group, in those who were low educated, older age, and among housewives the rate of depression was higher. In both groups, sex factor did not have prominent role. The results showed that depression in patients with IBS is more severe and prevalent than in healthy individuals. Therefore, in treatment of patients with depression special attention should be paid to the severity and prevalence of depression.

Pharmaceutical pollution of the eco-system is a life-threatening problem cuasing great concerns for health researchers. Pharmaceutical pollution of drinking waters and its adverse side-effects on public health has been recently reported in the developed countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the different aspects of bio-environmental side effects of pharmaceutical pollutions mentioned in online resources and websites. For this review study, the main key words of "Pharmaceutical" and "pollution" were searched through; Google scholar search engine, Springer and Elsevier sites. By altering the research strategy, the most up-to-date references, articles, books and related subjects focusing on different cities of our country, Iran, were retrieved. The findings of this search showed that large amounts of chemical sewage is released into the environment by pharmaceutical factories. The other sources of contamination are as folows: expired and unused drugs, and excreted pharmaceutical metabolites formed during drug metabolism in humans and animals. Unfortunately many researches confirmed that the conventional water treatment processes are not effective for reasonable purification of drinking waters. Additionally, due to the long half-life of some drugs especially antibiotics, the risks of drug resistance, mutagenic effects on microorganisms and other cells, and their environmental accumulation are high and may lead to hazardous consequences. So more studies in this field are warranted.

Osteoporosis is generally a disease of adulthood which may originate during childhood and adolescence. However despite the increasing emphasis on the prevention of osteoporosis among adults, it seems that similar efforts for children and adolescents have been limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of training program on knowledge and attitudes towards the risk factors and preventive methods of osteoporosis in female high schools students in Shiraz.

In this quasi-experimental and pre-post test designed study, 537 female high school students of Shiraz city were selected by a stratified random sampling method and were then randomly divided into control and experimental groups. After pre-test, the experimental group participated in a training program based on the Health Belief Model. The knowledge test and health belief scale were used to obtain data for the pre- and post- tests. Mean score of knowledge and health belief subscales of each group were analyzed by paired t test and the pre- to post-test changes of the two groups were analyzed by independent t test.

The results of the study revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the all parameters (p=0.001) except for the advantages of calcium consumption.

Primary prevention and training programs based on health belief model is effective in promoting student knowledge and attitudes about the prevention of this disease.

Cardiovascular diseases are usually associated with high rates of mortality and morbidities, lack of self-reliance, and depression and anxiety for the patients and their families. Cardiac rehabilitation program is a well-established program which may lead to relieving depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation programs on depression and anxiety control in patients who had undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Iran. This study was performed on 60 patients selected by non -probability sampling method (46 male and 14 female) after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and demographic questionnaire were instruments for collecting data in the present study. Patients participated in 12-week cardiac rehabilitation programs consisted of two hourly sessions per week in Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Hamedan. SPSS software version 16.0 was used for analysis of the data. Differences in the scores of depression and anxiety before and after cardiac rehabilitation programs were tested using paired t test. All P-values were considered significant at level 0.05. Significant reductions were observed in depression and anxiety after 12 weeks of Rehabilitation (p=0.001). No significant differences was found between men and women in terms of anxiety and depression after this period. The results also indicated that there was no significant relationship between levels of education, marital status with anxiety and depression between men and women. These findings suggest that cardiac rehabilitation may be an effective intervention for releiving depression and anxiety after CABG.